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Consequence Analysis of Gas Condensate Leakage in a Gas Refinery to Develop an Emergency Response Plan
Mr , Miss Fereshteh Jahani, Dr Mehdi Parvini, Mr Mehdi Shakib,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (8-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: One of the main steps to increase the level of safety and plan for reactions in the active or developing units is to assess the risks, such as releasing chemicals in the environment. The present study aimed to model the leakage consequences from gas condensate reservoirs for developing an emergency response plan.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate gas condensate distribution from reservoirs and related consequences in a gas refinery, PHAST software was used in this study. Using process data, landing maps, and meteorological information, the modeling was performed for four scenarios, including a jet fire, pool fire, flash fire, and vapor cloud explosion. In each scenario, the dimensions of the incident and extent of the damage were investigated, and the obtained results were utilized in identifying hazardous areas in the refinery, proper locating of safe areas, and improving routes used in emergencies.
Results: In the 650 reservoirs, which are the most dangerous unit equipment, the four scenarios can lead to deadly consequences. In this regard, the incident of vapor cloud explosion and after that pool fire had the most consequences. Accordingly, up to 490 m, the reservoirs, including the control center and some routes, will be affected by possible incidents.
Conclusion: According to the regions wind rose and modeling, some changes should be made in the emergency plan, including the fact that the two access routes should be situated more distant from the reservoirs and they should not be placed in the direction of the wind. In addition, two muster points should be located more distant from the reservoirs, and the control center should be fortified against fire and explosion.

Assessment and Management of Health and Safety Risks in the Transportation of Hazardous Materials Using TRRI and Modeling with PHAST and Pathfinder in Tehran (Case Study: Gasoline Transportation)
Iraj Mohammadfam, Saeed Ghahremani Namin, Shahram Mahmoudi, Meisam Rostami, Hasti Borgheipour,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (2-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The transportation of dangerous materials can lead to catastrophic accidents in metropolises. Assessment of the risk of transporting such materials and determination of the consequences can prevent possible accidents and consequences.
Materials and Methods: In this regard, the TRRI method was used to estimate the quantitative risk index. Assessment and analysis of determinantal damages resulting from accidents of sudden discharge of such hazardous materials were performed by PHAST software. Furthermore, Pathfinder software was used to simulate individual reactions, and manage conditions and their distance from the accident zone.
Results: Assessing the risk of transportation of jet fuel was estimated to be 144 using the TRRI method. Analysis of the consequences indicated that the sudden discharge of fuel in the first six months of the year, the consequence of the explosion of a jet fuel tanker up to a radius of 120 meters cause irreparable damage to the surrounding buildings. The findings of this simulation showed that the pool fire scenario of the people who are exposed to 12.5 kW/m2 radiation in the first and second half of the year in the sudden discharge scenario prevents the person from first or second-degree burns.
Conclusion: Considering the significant road transport of hazardous materials and the high severity of the consequences of possible accidents in the intracity transportation of jet fuel, designing a time of safe transportation of materials along with determining safer routes can reduce the risk of such incidents.
 

Modeling the Fire Scenario in the Diesel Storage Tank of Iran’s Specialized Hospital using PHAST Software
Fatemeh Musavi, Reza Hekmatshoar, Zakiyeh Delghandi, Majid Fallahi, Akbar Ahmadi Asour, Mahda Hekmatshoar,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Diesel storage tanks play a crucial role in hospitals and are constantly at risk of chemical release, explosion, and fire. The present study aimed to assess the consequences of a diesel tank leak in one of Iran’s specialized hospitals.
Materials and Methods: This study utilized an applied research approach with scenario modeling using PHAST software (version 8.4). A discharge rate of 1000 L/min was employed for the fixed-duration release scenario. The necessary information for the software, including tank and meteorological data, was collected. The mortality rate and danger radius were calculated and analyzed for two tank volumes of 23600 and 12000 m3 in conditions of Sabzevar region in winter and 1.5 F of the software.
Results: According to the tank type and substance released into the environment, the software displayed a pool fire. The most hazardous scenario was determined to be leakage from the 23600 m3 tank in weather conditions of Sabzevar (26°C, wind speed 15 m/s in winter). The maximum and minimum radiation heat from the fire were calculated at 44.7 and 94.2 meters, respectively. The mortality rates for exposure levels of 37.5 kw/m2, 12.5 kw/m2, and 4 kw/m2 were found to be 98.7%, 6.5%, and approximately zero, respectively.
Conclusion: Fire safety in hospitals is a critical issue that requires a thorough examination of the factors that can lead to ignition and explosion. To mitigate these risks, it is recommended to strategically place diesel tanks, develop safety models for roadways, construct dams and dikes near tanks, regularly inspect equipment for corrosion and deterioration, and install sensors to detect leaks. These measures are essential for ensuring the safety of patients, staff, and hospital facilities.

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