Volume 8, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
johe 2021, 8(1): 55-64 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mehri A, Zakerian A, Abbasi M, Mirzaei R, Mohammadian F, Sajedifar J. Assessment of Glare Caused by High Consumption Cars Headlights in Iran. johe 2021; 8 (1) :55-64
URL: http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-682-en.html
URL: http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-682-en.html
Ahmad Mehri1 
, Abolfazl Zakerian2 , Milad Abbasi2 , Ramazan Mirzaei3 , Farough Mohammadian4 , Javad Sajedifar * 5
, Abolfazl Zakerian2 , Milad Abbasi2 , Ramazan Mirzaei3 , Farough Mohammadian4 , Javad Sajedifar * 5
1- Department of Occupational Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
5- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran ,sajedifarj1@nums.ac.ir
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
5- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran ,
Abstract: (2759 Views)
Background and Objective: The number of road accidents and casualties is considerably high in Iran. In addition, car headlights, especially on two-way roads, cause glare in the eyes of oncoming drivers. This study aimed to determine the level of discomfort caused by the glare of car headlights and the effects of some variables on creating discomfort glare.
Materials and Methods: The illuminance of the driver’s eye was measured using luxmeter, and the severity of discomfort glare caused by the car’s headlights was determined using the Schmidt-Clausen and Bindels model, the lateral and longitudinal distance between the two vehicles, and the background luminance of the road surface.
Results: In the low beam mode of the cars, luxmeter failed to record any illuminance from 100 to 50 meters distance. In the high beam mode, the discomfort glare gradually increased by the reduction of the longitudinal distance between two vehicles from the distance of 100 meters. Increase in the level of discomfort glare for Samand, Pride Saba GTX, Pride 131SL, Renault Megan, and Peugeot Pars cars continued up to 30, 20, and 10 meters, and up to 10 and 20 meters in the case of Peugeot 405 car depending on the background luminance, respectively. The level of discomfort glare reduced from these intervals onwards.
Conclusion: The discomfort glare can be affected by changes and adjustments made in the side distance between vehicles, direction and height of car headlights, as well as voltage and type of headlight lamp and can be reduced by changes in road design and vehicle headlights.
Materials and Methods: The illuminance of the driver’s eye was measured using luxmeter, and the severity of discomfort glare caused by the car’s headlights was determined using the Schmidt-Clausen and Bindels model, the lateral and longitudinal distance between the two vehicles, and the background luminance of the road surface.
Results: In the low beam mode of the cars, luxmeter failed to record any illuminance from 100 to 50 meters distance. In the high beam mode, the discomfort glare gradually increased by the reduction of the longitudinal distance between two vehicles from the distance of 100 meters. Increase in the level of discomfort glare for Samand, Pride Saba GTX, Pride 131SL, Renault Megan, and Peugeot Pars cars continued up to 30, 20, and 10 meters, and up to 10 and 20 meters in the case of Peugeot 405 car depending on the background luminance, respectively. The level of discomfort glare reduced from these intervals onwards.
Conclusion: The discomfort glare can be affected by changes and adjustments made in the side distance between vehicles, direction and height of car headlights, as well as voltage and type of headlight lamp and can be reduced by changes in road design and vehicle headlights.
Type of Study: Research Article |
Subject:
Physical agents
References
1. Bahadorimonfared A, Soori H, Mehrabi Y, Delpisheh A, Esmaili A, Salehi M, et al. Trends of fatal road traffic injuries in Iran (2004–2011). PloS One. 2013;8(5):e65198. PMID: 23724132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065198 [DOI]
2. Alimohammadi I, Hajizadeh R, Mehri A, Sajedifar J, Sadat S, Gholampoor J, et al. The impact of traffic noise on mental performance considering complexity of activities. Health Saf Work. 2015;5(4):37-46. [DOI]
3. Adresi A, Zahedi A, Zarinkia M, Beheshti H. Relation between speed and maximum speed limit with safety in road network. Rahvar. 2011;8(13):65-78. [DOI]
4. Soori H, Ainy E, Zayeri F, Mehmandar MR. Comparison of road traffic death occurrence within urban and metropolitan roads focusing on environmental factors. Hakim Res J. 2013;15(4):339-45. [DOI]
5. Babizhayev MA. Glare disability and driving safety. Ophthalmic Res. 2003;35(1):19-25. PMID: 12566859 DOI: 10.1159/000068199 [DOI]
6. Opiela KS, Andersen CK. Maintaining traffic sign retroreflectivity: impacts on state and local agencies. Virginia: Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center; 2007. [DOI]
7. Gruber N, Mosimann UP, Müri RM, Nef T. Vision and night driving abilities of elderly drivers. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14(5):477-85. PMID: 23683029 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2012.727510 [DOI]
8. Choudhary SK, Suman R, Sonali HB. Electronic head lamp glare management system for automobile applications. Int J Res Advent Technol. 2014;2(5):402-16. [DOI]
9. Fekete J, Sik‐Lányi C, Schanda J. Spectral discomfort glare sensitivity investigations. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2010;30(2):182-7. PMID: 20444123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00696.x [DOI]
10. Raynham P. An examination of the fundamentals of road lighting for pedestrians and drivers. Lighting Res Technol. 2004;36(4):307-13. DOI: 10.1191/1365782804li125oa [DOI]
11. Gray R, Regan D. Glare susceptibility test results correlate with temporal safety margin when executing turns across approaching vehicles in simulated low‐sun conditions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2007;27(5):440-50. PMID: 17718883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00503.x [DOI]
12. Huang YY, Menozzi M. Effects of discomfort glare on peripheral visual attention in a driving simulator. 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Madrid, Spain; 2012. P. 920-5. DOI: 10.1109/IVS.2012.6232271 [DOI]
13. Fekete J, Sik‐Lányi C, Schanda J. Spectral discomfort glare sensitivity under low photopic conditions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006;26(3):313-7. PMID: 16684157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00359.x [DOI]
14. Theeuwes J, Alferdinck JW, Perel M. Relation between glare and driving performance. Hum Factors. 2002;44(1):95-107. PMID: 12118876 DOI: 10.1518/0018720024494775 [DOI]
15. Aslam TM, Haider D, Murray IJ. Principles of disability glare measurement: an ophthalmological perspective. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(4):354-60. PMID: 17313443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00860.x [DOI]
16. Puell MC, Palomo C, Sánchez-Ramos C, Villena C. Mesopic contrast sensitivity in the presence or absence of glare in a large driver population. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242(9):755-61. PMID: 15290150 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-0951-6 [DOI]
17. Kim W, Koga Y. Effect of local background luminance on discomfort glare. Build Environ. 2004;39(12):1435-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.003 [DOI]
18. Hirning MB, Isoardi GL, Cowling I. Discomfort glare in open plan green buildings. Energy Build. 2014;70:427-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.053 [DOI]
19. Osterhaus WK. Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments. Solar Energy. 2005;79(2):140-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2004.11.011 [DOI]
20. Fotios S. Research note: uncertainty in subjective evaluation of discomfort glare. Light Res Technol. 2015;47(3):379-83. DOI: 10.1177/1477153515574985 [DOI]
21. Choi EH, Singh S. Statistical assessment of the glare issue-human and natural elements. Washington, D.C: National Center for Statistics and Analysis; 2005. [DOI]
22. Balk SA, Tyrrell RA. The (in) accuracy of estimations of our own visual acuity in the presence of glare. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, USA; 2011. DOI: 10.1177/1071181311551252 [DOI]
23. Lin Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhu X, Lai J, Heynderickx I. Model predicting discomfort glare caused by LED road lights. Opt Express. 2014;22(15):18056-71. PMID: 25089425 DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.018056 [DOI]
24. Philip TK, Sivapragasam M, Ravichandran V. Design of an automotive headlamp considering style and perfomance. Sastech J. 2013;12(2):46-51. [DOI]
25. Lockhart TE, Atsumi B, Ghosh A, Mekaroonreung H, Spaulding J. Effects of planar and non-planar driver-side mirrors on age-related discomfort-glare responses. Saf Sci. 2006;44(3):187-95. PMID: 20582252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2005.08.019 [DOI]
26. Schmidt-Clausen HJ, Bindels JT. Assessment of discomfort glare in motor vehicle lighting. Light Res Technol. 1974;6(2):79-88. DOI: 10.1177/096032717400600204 [DOI]
27. Bullough JD, Van Derlofske J, Dee P, Chen J, Akashi Y. An investigation of headlamp glare: intensity, spectrum and size. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2004. [DOI]
28. Kang B, Yong B, Park K. Performance evaluations of LED headlamps. Int J Automot Technol. 2010;11(5):737-42. DOI: 10.1007/s12239-010-0087-0 [DOI]
29. El-Rayes K, Liu LY, Pena-Mora F, Boukamp F, Odeh I, Elseifi M, et al. Nighttime construction: evaluation of lighting glare for highway construction in Illinois. Illinois: Deptartment of Transportation. Bureau of Materials and Physical Research; 2008. [DOI]
30. Plainis S, Murray IJ. Reaction times as an index of visual conspicuity when driving at night. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22(5):409-15. PMID: 12358311 DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00076.x [DOI]
31. Mehri A, Hajizadeh R, Dehghan SF, Nassiri P, Jafari SM, Taheri F, et al. Safety evaluation of the lighting at the entrance of a very long road tunnel: a case study in Ilam. Saf Health Work. 2017;8(2):151-5. PMID: 28593070 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.06.002 [DOI]
32. Mehri A, Sajedifar J, Abbasi M, Naimabadi A, Mohammadi AA, Teimori GH, et al. Safety evaluation of lighting at very long tunnels on the basis of visual adaptation. Saf Sci. 2019;116:196-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.018 [DOI]
33. Mehri A, Dehghan SF, Abbasi M, Beheshti MH, Sajedifar J, Jafari SM, Khadem M, et al. Assessment of contrast perception of obstacles in a tunnel entrance. Health Promot Perspect. 2018;8(4):268-74. PMID: 30479980 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2018.38 [DOI]
34. Schieber F, Harms M. Analytic study of daytime running lights as potential sources of disability and discomfort glare under ambient illumination conditions ranging from dawn through dusk. Vermillion, SD: Heimstra Human Factors Laboratories, University of South Dakota; 1998. [DOI]
35. Bullough JD. Discomfort glare metrics: elusive, but not illusive: a companion piece to the elusive discomfort glare metric. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society; 2019. [DOI]
36. Sivak M, Flannagan MJ, Miyokawa T. Quantitative comparisons of factors influencing the performance of low-beam headlamps. Int J Light Res Technol. 1999;31(4):145-53. DOI: 10.1177/096032719903100403 [DOI]
37. Bullough JD, Skinner NP, Pysar RM, Radetsky LC, Smith AM, Rea MS. Nighttime glare and driving performance. New Jersey: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; 2008. [DOI]
38. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Nighttime glare and driving performance: report to congress. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007. [DOI]
39. Aashto A. Policy on geometric design of highways and streets. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; 2001. [DOI]
40. Bullough JD. Vehicle headlights: aiming for better driving safety. J Illuminat Eng Soc North Am. 2016;12(4):183-4. DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2016.1204798 [DOI]
41. Perel M. Evaluation of headlamp beam patterns using the Ford CHESS program. New York: SAE Technical Paper; 1985. [DOI]
42. Bullough JD, Brons JA, Qi R, Rea MS. Predicting discomfort glare from outdoor lighting installations. Light Res Technol. 2008;40(3):225-42. DOI: 10.1177/1477153508094048 [DOI]
43. Wördenweber B, Boyce P, Hoffman DD, Wallaschek J. Automotive lighting and human vision. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2007. [DOI]
44. Friedland HT. The effectiveness of glare-obscuring glasses on nighttime driving performance. California: San Jose State University; 2012. [DOI]
45. Alferdinck JW, Padmos P. Car headlamps: influence of dirt, age and poor aim on glare and illumination intensities. Light Res Technol. 1988;20(4):195-8. DOI: 10.1177/096032718802000407 [DOI]
46. Stafford AA, Whetsel SA, Balk SA, Ballou DG, Tyrrell RA. The accuracy of drivers’ judgments of the effects of headlight glare on the visibility of a non-retroreflective object. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2011. DOI: 10.1177/1071181311551397 [DOI]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Articles Copyright © The Author(s).
Owned by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.
Published by UMSHA Press
Journal Tel: +9881 38380090
Publisher Tel: +988138380548
Website: http://johe.umsha.ac.ir
Email: johe[at]umsha.ac.ir
