per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 70 87 article Abolfazl Moghadasi moghadasiabolfazl@yahoo.com 1 Saeed Jafari jafari4514@yahoo.com 2 Saeed Yousefinejad yousefisa@sums.ac.ir 3 Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran The rapid emergence of the SARS-COV-2 virus and its variants has shown the importance of the transmission of infectious diseases through bioaerosols. Bioaerosols are airborne particles that contain microorganisms or biological materials derived from living organisms. The ability of viruses to become airborne plays an important role in their spread. A total of 542 articles were collected for this study through searches in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the selected keywords in the titles and abstracts of articles.  Subsequently, all articles were screened based on their titles, abstracts, and the study objective, and 105 articles were selected for this systematic review. This study aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of previously reported methods used for sampling airborne viruses, especially the new coronavirus. The authors investigated more than 100 articles focused on sampling and evaluation of airborne viruses, characteristics, and factors that affect the accuracy and precision of sampling methods. To date, many methods have been proposed for sampling airborne viruses, including liquid impingers, impactors, filters, and electrostatic precipitators. The efficiency and effectiveness of these virus sampling methods can be affected by such factors as the aerodynamic diameter of viruses, challenges related to the quantification of sampled viruses, the impossibility of differentiating between active and inactive viruses in the collected samples, the possibility of damage/inactivation during sampling and analysis, and other environmental factors. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages that limit their application.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf Air Airborne Transmission SARS-CoV2 Sampling Virus per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 88 94 article Iraj Ali Mohammadi irajrastin1@gmail.com 1 Mozhgan Nouraei mozhgan.nuraei@gmail.com 2 Shahram Vosoughi vosoughi.sh@iums.ac.ir 3 Ali Esrafili Dizgi a.esrafili@iums.ac.ir 4 Jamileh Abolghasemi abolghasemi.j@iums.ac.ir 5 Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Objective: Double-glazing is one of the methods of sound control. The use of materials other than gas inside double-glazing can develop sound transmission loss. The present study aims to make a double-glazing filled with A200 hydrogel at different ratios and measure the sound transmission loss. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 4 samples of double-glazing were made with water and A200 hydrogel. The mixing ratios of hydrogel with water were 1:20, 1:75, and 1: 150. The sound transmission loss of each sample was measured three times by AvaSina impedance tube using the sound pressure level through two microphones installed on both sides of the sample according to ISO 10534-1. Then, the results were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and repeated measures test. Results: According to the results, the highest amount of sound transmission loss was related to the water sample at 250 and 500 Hz and the A200-1:20 sample at 1000 and 2000 Hz. Meanwhile, the A200-1:75 sample had the lowest sound transmission loss at 250, 500, and 1000 Hz, and the water sample at 2000 Hz. Conclusion: The present study indicated that filling empty space of double-glazing with hydrogel increases transmission loss in high frequencies and decreases it in low frequencies compared to that of the water sample. Also, transmission loss of the air sample was found significantly different from all other samples except the A200-1:150 sample by comparing the water and hydrogel samples with the air sample as a control.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-817-en.pdf Double-glazed Glass Hydrogel Sound Transmission Loss per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 95 101 article Mohammad Abri mohammadabri.13710371150094@gmail.com 1 Shahram Vosoughi sh_vosoughi@yahoo.com 2 Jamileh Abolghasemi abolghasemi1347@yahoo.com 3 Hajar Taslimi hajar.taslimi@yahoo.com 4 Hossein Ebrahimi hossein.ebrahimi@yahoo.com 5 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Occupational Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Objective: Biological needs are basic human needs for survival according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Therefore, the relationship between socioeconomic status and safety behaviors is not far-fetched. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of socioeconomic status on safety behavior in workers of the subway construction project in Qom, Iran. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on workers of the subway construction project in Qom in 2020. The sample size was determined by a census of 200 people based on the study criteria. Socioeconomic status and safety behavior questionnaires were subsequently completed for the participants. The data were extracted and analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) after completing the questionnaires. Results: The results of the study revealed no significant relationship between the level of education and safety behavior (P-value> 0.05); however, a significant relationship was observed between that and safety compliance (P-value= 0.006). No significant relationship was discovered between the type of employment and socioeconomic status (P-value=0.008). Also, No significant relationship was found between economic status with safety observation, participation, and behavior (P-value> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated no significant relationship between socio-economic status and compliance, participation, and safety behavior of individuals. Organizational, cultural, and individual factors affect safety and safety behavior along with socioeconomic status. No relationship was observed between socioeconomic status and employee safety behavior which can be attributed to coverage of other factors that failed to be examined in this study.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.pdf Safety Behavior Safety Compliance Safety Participation Socioeconomic Status per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 102 110 article Maryam Nourollahi-darabad maryam.nourollahi@gmail.com 1 Davood Afshari davodafi@yahoo.com 2 Atefeh Elyasi Gomari elyasigomariatefe@gmail.com 3 Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Background and Objective: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common types of occupational diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between lifestyle and mental workload components with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in employees working in the automotive industry. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 303 employees working in a car manufacturing complex in Iran. The required data related to demographic characteristics, the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort, lifestyle, and mental workload were collected using demographic, Cornell, Walker health-promoting lifestyle, and NASA-TLX questionnaires, respectively. Results: According to the results, 70.70% of the participants experienced musculoskeletal disorders in at least one of their organs. Moreover, musculoskeletal disorders were significantly correlated with age and work experience (individual characteristics); responsibility, health concerns, and exercise (lifestyle); as well as physical workload and time pressure (mental workload) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study results revealed a high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders in the automotive industry; moreover, lifestyle and mental workload parameters are among the most critical risk factors in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Accordingly, it is necessary to take measures by monitoring individual, physical, and cognitive risk factors to reduce the prevalence of these disorders. http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-717-en.pdf Automotive Industry Lifestyle Mental Workload Musculoskeletal Discomfort per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 111 119 article Seyed Amin Moosavi aminmoosavi@vru.ac.ir 1 Shahabeddin Kamyab shahkam@shirazu.ac.ir 2 Department of Mining Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran Safety Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Background and Objective: The inherent and unique risks of mining projects quite often present key challenges that health and safety risks are among the most significant risks in mining projects since the mining industry is characterized by a relatively high injury and death rate compared to other industries. Various factors including human, environmental, machinery and tools affect mining safety that the role of human factor is significant at different levels and based on it, it is necessary to assess the risks associated with human factors separately. In mining project management, safety risk assessment is an important step toward identifying potential hazards and evaluating the risks associated with the hazards. Proper safety risk prioritization is very crucial during the risk assessment for planning, budgeting and managing safety-related risks. Despite the importance of the risk assessment, in many Iranian mines, some of which include large mines, there is a lack of appropriate and scientific approach to the issue. Materials and Methods: In the present paper, we have tried to examine the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a quantitative method for risk assessment with a special focus on the open pit mining industry. The identification and classification of risk assessment is based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) model. Then, the analysis is performed by collecting experts grading to determine the weights of important accident-causing factors at various levels of a working system in open pit mines. Results: The weight of human factor indices has been evaluated at four levels. At different levels, organizational atmosphere factors, improper performance of fault correction, resource management and decision error have been identified as the most significant factors leading to human accidents in open pit mines. Conclusion: By using AHP method, the role and importance of various factors affecting safety in open pit mines at different levels of managerial and organizational factors, supervisory and leadership factors, preventive factors and executive factors have been investigated. This analysis can play a decisive role in the field of establishment and optimization of the safety management system, including formulation of policies, organization, planning, evaluation and implementation of activities in a safe manner.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-726-en.pdf Analytical Hierarchy Process Human Factors Open Pit Mines Risk Assessment Safety per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 120 128 article Mohammad Javad Sheikhmozafari mj.sheikhmozafari@yahoo.com 1 Department of Occupational Health and safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Objective: Neck pain is one of the most common symptoms of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs). One way to measure neck pain is using valid questionnaires. Therefore, this study aimed to translate the Northwick Park Questionnaire (NPQ) into Persian and validate the Persian version. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive one that was conducted in 2021 on workers of a housekeeping service company to validate the Persian version of the NPQ. The Backward-Forward technique was used to validate the questionnaire. Afterward, the questionnaire was distributed among 100 female workers, and the Intraclass Correlation Test (ICC) was used to measure reliability. Data were analyzed using the Spearman and Kappa tests in the SPSS software (version 22). Results: In the validity analysis, Kappa and Spearman coefficients were used to determine the agreement and correlation between the questions. The reliability of the questionnaire using the ICC test was 0.906. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the overall pain intensity in the questionnaire and all its questions. Conclusion: This study aimed to translate the NPQ questionnaire into Persian, validate the Persian version, and determine its applicability in Iran. The findings showed that the Persian version of the NPQ questionnaire is a valid, reliable, and usable tool for neck pain assessment.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf Housekeeping Neck Pain Questionnaire Validation WMSDs per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 129 135 article Abdoljavad Khalili javad.khalili@gmail.com 1 Department of Management, Lamerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran Background and Objective: Safety climate includes employees' overall perceptions and feelings about policies, procedures, and the importance of safety in the workplace. This study aimed to investigate the effect of safety climate on employees' organizational commitment mediated by organizational ethics in a gas refining company. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020. The study sample consisted of 220 employees of Parsian Gas Refinery selected through the Morgan Table. The instruments included three standard Safety Climate questionnaires by Haywick et al. (2009), Modaye et al. (1979), and Lozier (1993). Data were analyzed using the PLS software. The combined reliability of the structures was above 0.78, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.79. Furthermore, the value of the convergence of variables was above 57%. Results: The results showed that most subjects had an average age of 41-50 years, over 15 years of work experience, and undergraduate degrees. Additionally, the path coefficient was 0.79 between the safety climate and the organizational commitment, 0.82 between the safety climate and the organizational ethics, and 0.88 between the organizational ethics and the organizational commitment. Therefore, significant positive relationships were found between the safety climate and the organizational commitment of employees, between the organizational commitment and the organizational ethics of employees, and between the safety climate and the organizational ethics of employees (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that the safety climate explains 79% of the organizational commitment and 82% of the organizational ethics. Organizational ethics also explains 88% of the organizational commitment.   http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.pdf Gas Refinery Organizational Commitment Organizational Ethics Safety Climate per Hamedan University of Medical Sciences Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering 2383-336x 2383-3378 2022-07 9 2 136 142 article Mohammad Hossein Porkareh 351.komeil@gmail.com 1 Askar Jalalian dr_ajalalian@yahoo.com 2 Seyed Masoud Monavari monavarism@yahoo.com 3 Department of Environmental Management, Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Law, Payam-e-Noor University of Southern Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Background and Objective: The results of various studies have shown that paying attention to the Health, Safety, And Environment (HSE) principles in urban constructions can contribute to sustainable urban development. This study was designed to provide a model for environmental protection in urban construction projects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2021. In the first step, a comprehensive study was conducted with the aim of compiling an initial list of indicators of sustainable urban development. Afterward, the factors affecting the management of the urban environment were studied, and in the next step, the initial conceptual model was formed. In the final step, the validity and reliability of the model were determined through the Delphi technique and factor analysis method. The adequacy of the measurement model in structural equation modeling was examined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (V. 19) and Smart PLS software programs. Results: The results showed that the reliability scores of structural factors (7 items), content factors (7 items), and barriers and injuries (13 items) were respectively 0.716, 0.821, and 0.831, and the amount of factor loading value for all measures was estimated above 0.4. The goodness-of-fit indices of this model included χ2/df, RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and NNFI and were estimated at 2.25, 0.061, 0.96, 0.91, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that considering each of the 27 indicators in urban HSE management could be an effective step towards protecting the urban environment as much as possible in construction and urban sustainable development. http://johe.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-807-en.pdf Construction Projects Health Safety and Environment (HSE) Sustainable Development Urban Environment